SOL 9a Industrial Revolutions Beginnings & Causes
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- The Industrial Revolution began in England and spread to the rest of Western Europe and the United States.
- With the Industrial Revolution came an increased demand for raw materials from the Americas, Asia, and Africa.
- Advancements in technology produced the Industrial Revolution, while advancements in science and medicine altered the lives of people living in the new industrial cities. Cultural changes soon followed.
Industrial Revolution· Originated in England b/c of natural resources (e.g., coal, iron ore) & invention/improvement of the steam engine
· Spread to Europe and the United States · Role of cotton textile, iron, and steel industries · Relationship to the British Enclosure Movement (closing off farms and increasing productivity frees labor force) · Rise of the factory system and demise of cottage industries (cottage factory was "made at home") · Rising economic powers that wanted to control raw materials and markets throughout the world (imperialism!!) |
Technological advances that produced the Industrial Revolution
Advancements in science and medicine
Development of smallpox vaccination: Edward Jenner
Jenner noticed that the girls how worked with cows had been exposed to cowpox and did not suffer from small pox. Thus the vaccine was formed. A weakened virus is injected into the bloodstream to build immunities. Washington also tried these techniques at Valley Forge. |
Discovered Bacteria: Louis Pasteur
What we all know today about bacteria and the passage of disease comes from Pasteur. He discovered what bacteria are and how they move disease. Look at your milk container. It says "pasteurized" somewhere on it. That means it went through a process to kill the bacteria on it. |
Impacts of the Industrial Revolution on industrialized countries
· Population increase (thank you to more food from Enclosure and health from Pasteur and Jenner)
· Increased standards of living for many but not all (NOT FACTORY WORKERS!)
· Improved transportation (because of Watt)
· Urbanization (Enclosure cuts off land, leaves a group to head to cities to work)
· Environmental pollution (there are no standards in these days! pollution was A-OK)
· Increased education (mostly for the emerging middle class)
· Dissatisfaction of working class with working conditions
· Growth of the middle class (this is pretty much a new class, before you were rich or poor)
· Population increase (thank you to more food from Enclosure and health from Pasteur and Jenner)
· Increased standards of living for many but not all (NOT FACTORY WORKERS!)
· Improved transportation (because of Watt)
· Urbanization (Enclosure cuts off land, leaves a group to head to cities to work)
· Environmental pollution (there are no standards in these days! pollution was A-OK)
· Increased education (mostly for the emerging middle class)
· Dissatisfaction of working class with working conditions
· Growth of the middle class (this is pretty much a new class, before you were rich or poor)
SOL 9c Industrial Revolution Results
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- Agricultural economies were based on the family unit. The Industrial Revolution had a significant impact on the structure and function of the family.
- The Industrial Revolution placed new demands on the labor of men, women, and children. Workers organized labor unions to fight for improved working conditions and workers’ rights.
The nature of work in the factory system
· Family-based cottage industries displaced by the factory system Factories produce faster and cheaper than at home cottage industries. · Harsh working conditions; men competed w/women & children for wages Men are competing b/c women ad children earn less so many owners higher them first. Men end up working for wages too low to care for themselves or their families. · Child labor that kept costs of production low and profits high Children were the cheapest. With no safety requirements they were also easy to replace. · Owners of mines and factories who exercised considerable control over the lives of their laborers. Forget teachers and homework. Owners made you work as many days and hours as they wanted. They did not have to give breaks or lunches. |
Impact of the Industrial Revolution on slavery
· The cotton gin increased demand for slave labor on American plantations.
· The United States and Britain outlawed the slave trade and then slavery.
· The cotton gin increased demand for slave labor on American plantations.
· The United States and Britain outlawed the slave trade and then slavery.
The rise of labor unions
· Encouraged worker-organized strikes to demand increased wages and improved working conditions
· Lobbied for laws to improve the lives of workers, including women and children
· Wanted workers’ rights and collective bargaining between labor and management
· Encouraged worker-organized strikes to demand increased wages and improved working conditions
· Lobbied for laws to improve the lives of workers, including women and children
· Wanted workers’ rights and collective bargaining between labor and management
SOL 9b Capitalism, Communism, & Socialism
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Capitalism
Capitalism & market competition fueled the Industrial Revolution. Wealth increased the standard of living for some.
Capitalism & market competition fueled the Industrial Revolution. Wealth increased the standard of living for some.
Socialism and Communism
Social dislocations associated with capitalism produced a range of economic and political ideas,
including socialism and communism.
Social dislocations associated with capitalism produced a range of economic and political ideas,
including socialism and communism.
SOL 9de Imperialism & Nationalism
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Industrial nations in Europe needed natural resources and markets to expand their economies. These nations competed to control Africa and Asia in order to secure their own economic and political success.
Nationalism motivated European nations to compete for colonial possessions. European economic, military, and political power forced colonized countries to trade on European terms. Industrially produced goods flooded colonial markets and displaced their traditional industries. Colonized peoples resisted European domination and responded in diverse ways to Western influences.
Nationalism motivated European nations to compete for colonial possessions. European economic, military, and political power forced colonized countries to trade on European terms. Industrially produced goods flooded colonial markets and displaced their traditional industries. Colonized peoples resisted European domination and responded in diverse ways to Western influences.
Imperialism spread the economic, political, and social philosophies of Europe throughout the world.
Forms of imperialism
· Colonies (total control, usually citizens of the mother country, like the 13 Colonies)
· Protectorates (heavily cared for or protected, usually very influenced)
· Spheres of influence (claim of exclusive control or influence, usually economic)
Imperialism in Africa and Asia
· European domination
· European conflicts carried to the colonies
· Christian missionary efforts
· Spheres of influence in China
· Suez Canal
· East India Company’s domination of Indian states
· America’s opening of Japan to trade
Forms of imperialism
· Colonies (total control, usually citizens of the mother country, like the 13 Colonies)
· Protectorates (heavily cared for or protected, usually very influenced)
· Spheres of influence (claim of exclusive control or influence, usually economic)
Imperialism in Africa and Asia
· European domination
· European conflicts carried to the colonies
· Christian missionary efforts
· Spheres of influence in China
· Suez Canal
· East India Company’s domination of Indian states
· America’s opening of Japan to trade
Resistance to imperialism took many forms, including armed conflict and intellectual movements.
Responses of colonized peoples
· Armed conflicts (e.g., events leading to the Boxer Rebellion in China)
· Rise of nationalism (e.g., first Indian nationalist party founded in the mid-1800s)
Responses of colonized peoples
· Armed conflicts (e.g., events leading to the Boxer Rebellion in China)
· Rise of nationalism (e.g., first Indian nationalist party founded in the mid-1800s)