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Types of Subsistence Farming
Agricultural production (plant & animal) for family/local consumption w/basic tools & native plants. Most LDC farmers are subsistence.
Extensive Subsistence: Large areas of land, minimal labor input, low yields per acre, & low population densities
1. Pastoral nomadism a. Migratory nomadic moving of livestock based on nature b.Mainly used in arid or rocky areas w/sparse precipitation c.Animals chosen for hardiness/mobility/durability (sheep, goats, camels, horses, yaks, reindeer) ` d.Transhumance: movement of livestock with seasonal patterns, (lowlands in winter, highland in summer usually) Locations: Middle East, Central Asia, Sahara and Gobi desert regions 2. Shifting cultivation a. Rotation of fields instead of crops (“nomadic farming”) b. Mainly in tropical regions w/high temps & abundant rain c. 1 of the oldest *most widely spread agricultural systems “Slash and Burn” (swidden) agriculture: a, vegetation cut & undergrowth burned => Rain washes ashes (N2) into the soil to increase fertility=> cash crops planted until soil is depleted of nutrients => Farmers move and start over Problems: Leaching: Soil loses nutrients, can take decades to replenish Deforestation: Every day, acres of tropical rainforest are destroyed, significantly degraded, &plant, animal and insect species are lost due to deforestation Desertification: lands become increasingly arid & unproductive due to human overuse, overgrazing, or drought Locations: Tropical regions of Latin America, Central Africa, and SE Asia |
Intensive Subsistence Farming: Small farms, large amounts of manual labor, high yields per acre, and high population densities
1. Rice is the primary intensive subsistence crop, but wheat and barley are also grown this way in LDCs a. Intertillage: Clearing of rows in the field of rocks & weeds b. Wet Rice: the practice of planting rice on dry land in a nursery then moving the seedling to a flooded field to promote growth – dominant type of agriculture in SE China, East India, and SE Asia c. Paddies/Sawahs: Flooded fields where wet rice grows Can increase land, pesticides, fertilizers, crop rotations, etc to increase crop yields. Locations: Densely populated regions of Asia (mainly monsoon regions), Africa, and Latin America 2. Urban farming: The use of small plots and rooftops in urban areas Great Ted Video Link |
Types of Commercial Agriculture
Large Scale for Sale, High use of Machines & Tech, Often MDCs w/specialty crops
Gov't Very Involved w/Prices and Regulations
Vertical Integration: agreements between farmers & corporate purchasers to give the farmers $ guarantees & reliable markets
Agribusiness: mass production of agriculture w/corporations control all levels of food production for sale: Farming (primary), processing (secondary), & wholesale (tertiary)
Intensive Commercial Agriculture: Large amounts of capital and labor that produce crops with high yields and market value per unit of land
1. Truck Farming a. The production of fruits & vegetables for market, processing, or canning b. Large-scale operations mainly in MDCs; use machinery, technology, & low-wage migrant workers tfor efficiency c. Located close to markets & transportation hubs because of perishable crops d. Usually have contracts with agribusinesses such as Green Giant, Dole, Del Monte, etc. e. Includes specialized fruit production in orchards (citrus, peaches, apples, berries) Locations: US Sunbelt/Atlantic Coast, Europe, South America 2. Mixed Livestock and Crop Farming a. Grains are grown on a farm to feed its livestock, b. Most US mixed crop/livestock farms grow corn or soybeans, and raise cattle or pigs Locations: US Midwest, North European Plain, Pampas, Manchuria 3. Dairying a. closest to large urban areas b/c perishable => Further from urban centers, more processed dairy becomes (cheese, butter, canned) b. Milkshed: ring around a city which milk can be supplied w/o spoiling (300 miles in US) c. Most dairy farms are mechanized, regulated for safety, & have contracts with large companies In US, Wisconsin is the historical “dairy state” but California now produces more milk (Wisconsin still produces the most cheese!). India is now the world’s largest milk producer, dropping US to #2 Locations: US Dairy Belt/Pacific, NW Europe/UK, Australia/New Zealand 4. Mediterranean Agriculture a. Located in warm coastal regions w/dry summers & cool, moist winters b. grapes, olives, dates, & tree nuts are grown in these regions (66% of the world’s wine from countries bordering the Med Sea) Locations: Med Basin, California, Chile, South Africa, Australia 5. Plantation Agriculture a. large land, usually in LDC, worked by lots of low-wage labor, often run by a MNC (TNC) (Chiquita, Dole, etc.) b.Produce specialized “cash crops” for export c. developed by Europeans when still a colony *econ interaction between core & periphery countries Locations: South/SE Asia, Africa, Latin America |
Extensive Commercial Agriculture: Large farms with small amounts of capital and labor per unit of land
1. Large-scale Grain Farming a. farms are ≈ 1,000 acres b. Wheat is the world’s leading export crop c. US & Canada supply about 50% of all wheat exports and US is the largest commercial producer of grains Locations: Great Plains, Ukraine/Kazakhstan, Australia, Pampas 2. Livestock Ranching: a. commercial grazing of livestock on semiarid/arid land with low population densities in MDCs b. Began during 19th century growth of urban markets for beef and wool c.Cattle (Western hemisphere), sheep (Australia/New Zealand, South Africa), and goats (Central Asia) are the three animals most commonly found on ranches Locations: The Americas, Australia/New Zealand, Central Asia, South Africa |