Civil Rights
Policies designed to protect people against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by government officials or individuals.
Civil Rights are applied using the:
EQUAL PROTECTION CLAUSE OF THE 14th AMENDMENT.
Civil Rights are applied using the:
EQUAL PROTECTION CLAUSE OF THE 14th AMENDMENT.
Racial Civil Rights
Women's Rights
•Title IX, 1972, was a mandate (hint: the feds telling the states what to do) that said any public schools that received money from the national government must allow women to participate and not be discriminated in sports or activities.
•The success of Title IX was based on the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. It did, and still does, create friction between the state gov'ts (schools are reserved powers) and the federal government. Friction often occurs in cooperative federalism mandates. |
National Organization for Women (NOW), American activist organization (founded 1966) that promotes equal rights for women. It is the argest feminist group in the United States, with some 500,000 members in the early 21st century.
NOW was established by a small group of feminists who were dedicated to actively challenging sex discrimination in all areas of American society. Betty Friedan, one of its founders, served as NOW’s first president. The organization is composed of both men and women, and it has a presence in all 50 states. Headquarters are in Washington, D.C. Among the issues that NOW addresses by means of lobbying, demonstrations, and litigation are child care, pregnancy leave, abortion rights, and pension rights. |