SOL 6a Scientific Revolution
standard_whii_6a.docx | |
File Size: | 170 kb |
File Type: | docx |
Important Scientists
Johannes Kepler discovered planetary motion. Kepler's discovery showed that planets moved in elliptical orbits (ovals). This helped confirm Copernicus' heliocentric theory.
Galileo Galilei used telescope to support heliocentric theory. The Italian made the telescope far more advanced. He used the telescope to view the stars and support Copernicus' heliocentric theory. The Catholic Church put him on house arrest and forced him to recant. On his death bed he confessed to regretting the recant.
|
Isaac Newton formulated law of gravity. Everyone has heard the apple to the head story. It's probably not true. Either way Newton discovered gravity along with many other things. His favorite dog, Diamond, even has its own Wikipedia page.
William Harvey discovered circulation of the blood. This seems so obvious to us now but he was the first to realize the heart pumps blood through the body.
Importance of the Scientific Revolution
Emphasis on reason & systematic observation of nature
Formulation of the scientific method
Expansion of scientific knowledge
Emphasis on reason & systematic observation of nature
Formulation of the scientific method
Expansion of scientific knowledge
SOL 6b Absolute Monarchs
absolutism_organizer_complete.pdf | |
File Size: | 419 kb |
File Type: |
Absolute monarchs were based on 2 things: Centralization of power and Concept of rule by divine right.
This meant the absolute monarch was in complete control. The monarch claimed their power was derived from God and was therefore untouchable by any human authority.
This meant the absolute monarch was in complete control. The monarch claimed their power was derived from God and was therefore untouchable by any human authority.
Louis XIV of France: Palace of Versailles as a symbol of royal power
Louis the XIV was the king of France. He loved his power and he loved to make the greatness of himself and France known. Look at the picture. He was short and you can see he is wearing heels. He also wore furs and great clothes.
He famously said "I am the state." This was meant to show he was the only and total power of France.
His greatest symbol of royal power was the Palace of Versailles. It was made to show France and the world his greatness. It was located several miles outside of Paris. Louis made his nobles came and stay with his there, away from their power base. Please visit Versailles link Versailles Homepage.
Louis the XIV was the king of France. He loved his power and he loved to make the greatness of himself and France known. Look at the picture. He was short and you can see he is wearing heels. He also wore furs and great clothes.
He famously said "I am the state." This was meant to show he was the only and total power of France.
His greatest symbol of royal power was the Palace of Versailles. It was made to show France and the world his greatness. It was located several miles outside of Paris. Louis made his nobles came and stay with his there, away from their power base. Please visit Versailles link Versailles Homepage.
Peter the Great of Russia: Westernization of Russia
Peter originally shared rule with his sibling. He went on to rule all of Russia. Peter wanted to make Russia more modern, like western Europe. He often visited western Europe in "disguise" (no one was fooled by a huge Russian pretending to be French). He forced men in Russia to shave their beards like westerners. He moved the capital to St. Petersburg facing the west on a warm water port. He built his own castle like Versailles and made the military stronger and more western,
Peter originally shared rule with his sibling. He went on to rule all of Russia. Peter wanted to make Russia more modern, like western Europe. He often visited western Europe in "disguise" (no one was fooled by a huge Russian pretending to be French). He forced men in Russia to shave their beards like westerners. He moved the capital to St. Petersburg facing the west on a warm water port. He built his own castle like Versailles and made the military stronger and more western,
SOL 6c England's Civil War and Glorious Revolution
standard_whii_6c.docx | |
File Size: | 115 kb |
File Type: | docx |
Political democracy rests on the principle that government derives power from the consent of the governed. The foundations of English rights include the jury trial, the Magna Carta, and common law. The English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution prompted further development of the rights of Englishmen.
Development of the rights of Englishmen
1. Oliver Cromwell and the execution of Charles I
James I was an absolute monarch. He was a Protestant and most of America uses the Bible he commissioned, the King James Bible. His successor Charles I tried to an absolute leader as well, He was a Catholic and found great resistance with a largely Protestant Parliament. He ended up causing a Civil War. His supporters were called the Cavaliers and the supporters of Oliver Cromwell and Parliament were called Roundheads. The Roundheads won and they executed Charles I. This was shocking to see a sitting monarch executed.
Oliver Cromwell, a Puritan took over. He called himself "Lord Protectorate". He also outlawed activities like theaters, Christmas celebrations, etc. His reign was peaceful and thankfully relatively short. His son took over for a brief period.
2. The restoration of Charles II
Parliament asked Charles II to come back and take the thrown. This is called the Restoration. Considering the fate of the last king, Charles II must have been nervous. He tried to make things better in general. He was called the "merry monarch" however as he often loved a good time more.
3. Development of political parties/factions
Those for and against the king, for or against Catholic and Protestants, and the arguments over power all led to the start of political parties.
4. Glorious Revolution (William and Mary)
After Charles II came James II. He was a Catholic and he tried to increase royal power, all very unpopular with the people. Parliament asked William and Mary of Orange to come and take over. James II fled without a fight.
5. Increase of parliamentary power and decrease of royal power and English Bill of Rights of 1689
Parliament decreed to never have an absolute monarch. They had steadily increased their power and they did not want to lose it. William and Mary voluntarily signed the English Bill of Rights guaranteeing a government free from tyrannical rule
Development of the rights of Englishmen
1. Oliver Cromwell and the execution of Charles I
James I was an absolute monarch. He was a Protestant and most of America uses the Bible he commissioned, the King James Bible. His successor Charles I tried to an absolute leader as well, He was a Catholic and found great resistance with a largely Protestant Parliament. He ended up causing a Civil War. His supporters were called the Cavaliers and the supporters of Oliver Cromwell and Parliament were called Roundheads. The Roundheads won and they executed Charles I. This was shocking to see a sitting monarch executed.
Oliver Cromwell, a Puritan took over. He called himself "Lord Protectorate". He also outlawed activities like theaters, Christmas celebrations, etc. His reign was peaceful and thankfully relatively short. His son took over for a brief period.
2. The restoration of Charles II
Parliament asked Charles II to come back and take the thrown. This is called the Restoration. Considering the fate of the last king, Charles II must have been nervous. He tried to make things better in general. He was called the "merry monarch" however as he often loved a good time more.
3. Development of political parties/factions
Those for and against the king, for or against Catholic and Protestants, and the arguments over power all led to the start of political parties.
4. Glorious Revolution (William and Mary)
After Charles II came James II. He was a Catholic and he tried to increase royal power, all very unpopular with the people. Parliament asked William and Mary of Orange to come and take over. James II fled without a fight.
5. Increase of parliamentary power and decrease of royal power and English Bill of Rights of 1689
Parliament decreed to never have an absolute monarch. They had steadily increased their power and they did not want to lose it. William and Mary voluntarily signed the English Bill of Rights guaranteeing a government free from tyrannical rule
SOL 6d Enlightenment Thinkers and Philosophy
|
|
The Enlightenment
· Applied reason to the human world, as well as to the rest of the natural world
· Stimulated religious tolerance
· Fueled democratic revolutions around the world
· Applied reason to the human world, as well as to the rest of the natural world
· Stimulated religious tolerance
· Fueled democratic revolutions around the world
John Locke’s Two Treatises on Government: People are sovereign and consent to government for protection of natural rights to life, liberty, and property.
This may be the most important book to influence America. Locke argued that we are all in a state of nature. He said we make a government for mutual protection against the very strong and those would could outsmart us. We make this government - this social contract- to protect our natural rights, life, liberty and property. This contract is a consent of the those governed and if they stop being protected they can overthrown the government.
Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence took Locke's natural rights and made them unalienable (life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness) and said that we have a duty to overthrow a government that violates those rights.
This may be the most important book to influence America. Locke argued that we are all in a state of nature. He said we make a government for mutual protection against the very strong and those would could outsmart us. We make this government - this social contract- to protect our natural rights, life, liberty and property. This contract is a consent of the those governed and if they stop being protected they can overthrown the government.
Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence took Locke's natural rights and made them unalienable (life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness) and said that we have a duty to overthrow a government that violates those rights.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s The Social Contract: Government is a contract between rulers and the people.
Rousseau's ideas were extremely important in the French Revolution.
We make our contract every time we vote.
Rousseau's ideas were extremely important in the French Revolution.
We make our contract every time we vote.
Influence of the Enlightenment
Political philosophies of the Enlightenment fueled revolution in the Americas and France.
Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence incorporated Enlightenment ideas.
The Constitution of the United States of America and Bill of Rights incorporated Enlightenment ideas.
Political philosophies of the Enlightenment fueled revolution in the Americas and France.
Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence incorporated Enlightenment ideas.
The Constitution of the United States of America and Bill of Rights incorporated Enlightenment ideas.
SOL 6e French Revolution
standard_whii_6e_french_rev.docx | |
File Size: | 15 kb |
File Type: | docx |
The ideas of the Enlightenment and French participation in the American Revolution influenced the French people to view their government in new ways. They overthrew the absolute monarchy and established a new government.
Causes of the French Revolution
· Influence of Enlightenment ideas (see 6d notes(
· Influence of the American Revolution (the French helped the colonists)
· Influence of Enlightenment ideas (see 6d notes(
· Influence of the American Revolution (the French helped the colonists)
Events of the French Revolution
· Storming of the Bastille (the Bastille was a prison, many French thought there were arms in it, this starts the war)
· Reign of Terror (time period when paranoia and fanatical thinking caused many people to have their heads taken off by the guillotine, ironically the leader Robespierre will end up having his head also cut off in the craziness)
· Storming of the Bastille (the Bastille was a prison, many French thought there were arms in it, this starts the war)
· Reign of Terror (time period when paranoia and fanatical thinking caused many people to have their heads taken off by the guillotine, ironically the leader Robespierre will end up having his head also cut off in the craziness)
Outcomes of the French Revolution
· End of the absolute monarchy of Louis XVI (14th =Sun God, 16th = killed)
· Rise of Napoleon
· End of the absolute monarchy of Louis XVI (14th =Sun God, 16th = killed)
· Rise of Napoleon
SOL 6f Arts and Technologies
standard_whii_6f.docx | |
File Size: | 17 kb |
File Type: | docx |
Representative composers, artists, philosophers, and writers
Bach was born in Germany. His family was very music orientated. His uncles were all musicians for the church and royal courts. Bach’s father taught him to play the violin and the harpsichord. Later one of his uncles introduced him to play the organ. Bach was married twice (once to his second cousin) and managed to have time to father 20 children. He spent his career in St. Thomas Lutheran Church in Leipzig, Germany. He was the cantor, organist, and music composer for the church. Several of his best known works are the Brandenburg concertos, the Well-Tempered Clavier, and Toccata and Fugue in D Minor. Bach, like Mozart and Delacroix, was not appreciated in his time. People thought his music was too “old-fashioned”. Today he is considered the extremely influential. He was so influential, in fact that his death is considered the end of the Baroque period. Remember B for Bach and B for Baroque.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was a famous Austrian musician. He learned to play piano from his father at just four years old. He was considered a music prodigy (child genius). He wrote his first piece of music at age 5 and was a published composer by age 7. By the time he was 6, he could play both the piano and the violin expertly. He wrote his own opera at 12. Mozart traveled while he was young. He and his sister often performed for royalty. As an adult he discovered that he did not the attention and money he had as a child. Musicians were not thought of very highly. He wrote three famous operas – Don Giovanni, The Magic Flute, and Marriage of Figaro – all while being extremely poor. Mozart continued to write music that is now famous until he died penniless at the early age of 35. He was buried in an anonymous grave.
|
Voltaire was a French philosopher and writer of the Enlightenment. Voltaire’s was a vocal critic of the Catholic church. He believed in the separation of church and state, freedom of religion and freedom of expression.
Voltaire wrote plays, essays poems novels, and novels. He was considered quick witted with a sharp tongue. He used his intellect to criticize people who were intolerant, things he disliked about the Catholic Church, and issues he had with political leaders. This often landed him in trouble but never stopped him.
Voltaire wrote plays, essays poems novels, and novels. He was considered quick witted with a sharp tongue. He used his intellect to criticize people who were intolerant, things he disliked about the Catholic Church, and issues he had with political leaders. This often landed him in trouble but never stopped him.
Ferdinand Eugene Victor Delacroix was a French painter with a great influence on the Romantic period. He was known as the “master of color” and produced more than 9,000 works. He traveled the world and was inspired by the things he saw. Many people admired his bright colors, intense emotions, and violent scenes. He made a famous painting entitled Liberty Leading the People. It showed a woman waving a French flag standing on the chaos of the riots and violence in the French Revolution. Delacroix could show emotion, from smug victors to the pain of the conquered. He thrived on bright colors and violent scenes. Delacroix served as an influence on Romantic painters, impressionists, post-impressionists, and Modernist painters like Picasso and Matisse.
|
Miguel de Cervantes was a Spanish writer. He was the son of a deaf surgeon. In those days, this was not a well-paying or respected job. As a boy he was an avid reading. He wrote poems as a young man. He stopped writing to fight in the Spanish military. He was considered a brave soldier. He was wounded in the chest twice and his left hand was completely maimed and disfigured. Despite the injuries, Cervantes continued to serve as a soldier for several years after that. On the return trip from fighting he was kidnapped by Turks and spent 5 years in prison.
Cervantes returned to Spain and attempted to write again. His attempts at plays were not very successful. His first novel was also considered a flop. The novel was a new idea. Previously play and poems were common but not novels like we read today. While working for the Spanish Armada, Cervantes wrote his greatest novel Don Quixote. This novel was about an elderly man who was fascinated by the stories of knights. The man becomes so taken that he decides to head out and have his own “knightly” adventures. The old man gets lost in his fantasy, gets a squire, and attacks a windmill thinking it is a beast. Don Quixote was a huge success. It has been translated into over 60 languages. It is also the basis of the musical “Man a la Mancha” and Picasso paintings. It is also considered the first modern novel. |
New schools of art and forms of literature
Painting depicted classical subjects, public events, natural scenes, and living people (portraits).
New forms of literature evolved, such as the novel (e.g., Cervantes’ Don Quixote).
Painting depicted classical subjects, public events, natural scenes, and living people (portraits).
New forms of literature evolved, such as the novel (e.g., Cervantes’ Don Quixote).
Technologies during the Age of Reason
All-weather roads improved year- round transport and trade.
New designs in farm tools increased productivity (agricultural revolution).
Improvements in ship design lowered the cost of transport.
All-weather roads improved year- round transport and trade.
New designs in farm tools increased productivity (agricultural revolution).
Improvements in ship design lowered the cost of transport.
standard_whii6_notes.docx | |
File Size: | 26 kb |
File Type: | docx |