SOL 2b The Renaissance
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New intellectual and artistic ideas that developed during the Renaissance marked the beginning of the modern world
“Rebirth” of classical knowledge; “birth” of the modern world. (classical as in Greek & Roman)
Spread of the Renaissance from the Italian city-states to northern Europe. (see WHI 13 for review)
“Rebirth” of classical knowledge; “birth” of the modern world. (classical as in Greek & Roman)
Spread of the Renaissance from the Italian city-states to northern Europe. (see WHI 13 for review)
Visual Arts
The Sistine Chapel - Michelangelo (Italian Renaissance)
It took Michelangelo just over 4 years to complete this masterpiece. He painted evey piece, including the ceiling, by hand. 3d Sistine Chapel (turn up volume for music) Mona Lisa by Da Vinci (Italian Renaissance)
This work shows a woman posing for da Vinci. This may be the most recognizable art pieces in the world. Her expression is a mystery. Some people like to speculate that the Mona Lisa is da Vinci in drag. While there are some interesting resemblences, it is highly unlikely. |
The David - Michelangelo (Italian Renaissance)
Michelangelo started this masterpiece when he was 25. He was given a left over piece of marble. His artwork was meant to be placed in a small corner. Instead he created this statute which stands almost 17 feet tall. This statute represents David, a Biblical hero of the old testament. David beat the giant Galiath with just a slingshot. He also was a great leader of the Hebrews and his decents include Jesus of Narazeth. The Last Supper by da Vinci (Italian Renaissance)
This shows the Last Supper of Jesus and his 12 disciples as told in the Gospel of John. This may be the most recognized piece of religious art in the worl |
Intellectual Arts
Erasmus - Dutch humanist (Northern Renaissance)
Humanism IS NOT anti-religious. Humanism IS a focus on and effort of the individual and the person. In humanism, there was a return to Greco-Roman thinking.
Erasmus, like many Northern Renaissance humanists, mixed more Christianity is with his humanist ideas. He wrote a book called the Praise of Folly. His book was dedicated to his good friend Sir Thomas More.
His book poked fun at many people. He wanted badly to reform the church. However, he was not liked by the reformers or by the church.
Humanism IS NOT anti-religious. Humanism IS a focus on and effort of the individual and the person. In humanism, there was a return to Greco-Roman thinking.
Erasmus, like many Northern Renaissance humanists, mixed more Christianity is with his humanist ideas. He wrote a book called the Praise of Folly. His book was dedicated to his good friend Sir Thomas More.
His book poked fun at many people. He wanted badly to reform the church. However, he was not liked by the reformers or by the church.
Literature
English writer (northern Renaissance)
Wrote plays, sonnets, and essays
Famous works include: love sonnets, Othello, Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Julius Caesar, MacBeth
Wrote plays, sonnets, and essays
Famous works include: love sonnets, Othello, Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Julius Caesar, MacBeth
Albrecht Dürer is considered to be the greatest Northern Renaissance painter. Durer was the first Northern artist to be directly influenced by first-hand contact with the Italian Renaissance. From 1512, Maximilian 1, Holy Roman Emperor, was the artist's major patron.
SOL 3a Reformation People
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Martin Luther, German Monk, Lutheran Tradition
- Salvation by faith alone (rather by the church or indulgences, etc.)
- Bible as the ultimate authority (not the Pope or the Church)
- all humans equal before God (so the Pope is equal to a common man)
- 95 theses nailed to a church
- birth of the Protestant Church
John Calvin, Calvinist Tradition
- Predestination (eternal fate is already decided)
- Faith revealed by living a righteous life
- Work Ethic
- Expanded the Protestant Movement
King Henry VIII, England
- Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome (Pope refused him a divorce from Catherine of Aragon)
- Divorced; broke with Rome
- headed the national church in England (i
- appropriated lands and wealth of the Roman Catholic Church in England
Queen Elizabeth I, daughter of Henry VIII
- Anglican Church (Church of England)
- Tolerance for dissenters
- Expansion and colonialism
- Victory over the Spanish Armada (1588) (in part to weather, Sir Francis Drake, and many English said the blessings of English God)
Conflicts that challenged the authority of the Church in Rome
- Merchant wealth challenged the Church’s view of usury. (who wins, the church or money?)
- German and English nobility disliked Italian domination of the Church. (all tax $ went to Rome, even other countries)
- The Church’s great political power and wealth caused conflict.
- Church corruption and the sale of indulgences were widespread and caused conflict. (indulgences are what upset Luther to write the 95 Thesis)
SOL 3b German Reformation, French Reformation, & the Catholic (Counter Reformation)
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Reformation in Germany
- Princes in Northern Germany converted to Protestantism, ending the authority of the Pope in their states.
- The Hapsburg family and the authority of the Holy Roman Empire continued to support the Roman Catholic Church.
- Conflict between Protestants and Catholics resulted in devastating wars (e.g., Thirty Years’ War).
Reformation in France
- Catholic monarchy granted Protestant Huguenots freedom of worship by the Edict of Nantes (later revoked).
- Cardinal Richelieu changed the focus of the Thirty Years’ War from a religious to a political conflict.
Counter-Reformation
- The Council of Trent reaffirmed most Church doctrine and practices.
- The Society of Jesus (The Jesuits) was founded to spread Catholic doctrine around the world.
- The Inquisition was used to reinforce Catholic doctrine.
Early Pre Luther Reformers
John Wycliffe- Early Reformer before Luther
John Wycliffe was an early English preacher. His ideas came before and paved the way for the Reformation and for Luther.
Wycliffe argued the papal power should not mix in secular issues. He also pushed for Bibles being written in the vernacular, including his own English which he helped create.
He was deemed a heretic after his death, his body was dug up and burned.
John Wycliffe was an early English preacher. His ideas came before and paved the way for the Reformation and for Luther.
Wycliffe argued the papal power should not mix in secular issues. He also pushed for Bibles being written in the vernacular, including his own English which he helped create.
He was deemed a heretic after his death, his body was dug up and burned.
Jan Huss - Early Reformer before Luther
Jan Huss was an early Czech reformer. He was influenced by Wycliffe and many of his ideas would influence Luther. He believed the Bible was over the church authority. He was declared a heretic and burnt at the stake.
Jan Huss was an early Czech reformer. He was influenced by Wycliffe and many of his ideas would influence Luther. He believed the Bible was over the church authority. He was declared a heretic and burnt at the stake.
SOL 3c Effects of the Reformation
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Changing cultural values, traditions, and philosophies
Growth of secularism
Growth of individualism
Eventual growth of religious tolerance
Growth of individualism
Eventual growth of religious tolerance
Role of the Printing Press
- Growth of literacy was stimulated by the Gutenberg printing press.
- The Bible was printed in English, French, and German. (an original is worth 30 million!)
- Spread the ideas of the Reformation and the Renaissance.